Historical linguistics is the study of language change . It is sometimes called diachronic linguistics. It traces the historical development of language and records the change that have taken place in it between successive points in time.
Universal grammar are systems in which connections between logic and grammar was made explicit and given some kind pf philosophical justification. In all such cases it was grammar that was subordinated to logic.
Descriptive linguistics provides the data which confirm or refute the prepositions and theories put forward in general linguistics.
Ethnographic linguistics is the study of language in relation to culture.
Social linguistics is the study of language in relation to society. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society
Generative semantics is the name of a research program within linguistics, initiated by the work of various early students of Noam Chomsky: John R. Ross, Paul Postal and later James McCawley. George Lakoff was also instrumental in developing and advocating the theory. Generative semanticists argued that interpretations were generated directly by the grammar as deep structures, and were subsequently transformed into recognizable sentences by transformations.
Generative grammar refers to a particular approach to the study of syntax. A generative grammar of a language attempts to give a set of rules that will correctly predict which combinations of words will form grammatical sentences. In most approaches to generative grammar, the rules will also predict the morphology of a sentence.
Generative grammar originates in the work of Noam Chomsky, beginning in the late 1950s. Early versions of Chomsky's theory were called transformational
Sources
http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/linguisticsterm.htm
Newmeyer, Frederick, J. (1986). Linguistic Theory in America (Second Edition). Academic Press. See p. 138.
Campbell, Lyle(1998). Historical Linguistics an Introduction(First Edition). Edimburg University Press
Lyons, Jhon(1981). Language and Linguistics An introduction. Cambridge University Press
John J. Gumperz and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, "Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?". Journal of Sociolinguistics 12(4), 2008: 532–545.
http://www.proprofs.com/games/crossword/introduction-to-linguistics-theory-ii/
